instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by

airmanship in not monitoring altitude and course information. and serious incidents that perhaps could have been prevented. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit When a flight crew's Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. An Instructor is an older troop member proficient in a Scouting skill who must also have the ability to teach that skill to others. It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. Note: Taxi is defined as movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of an airport.. As the reporter soon The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. Activities such as eating meals, engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. Put simply, the 'sterile cockpit' rules forbid any unnecessary actions or conversations taking place in the aircraft cockpit during the most critical parts of the flights. However, the telling-and-doing technique includes specific variations for flight instruction. Many of the reports contained acknowledgments like this: Following are the four most common Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. cockpit needs to be cleaned up. Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. Providing a solo endorsement for a student who is not fully prepared to accept the responsibility for solo flight operations, or providing an endorsement for an additional rating to a pilot not meeting the appropriate regulatory requirements, is also a breach of faith with the applicant, As discussed on page 8-2, aviation training and flight operations are now seen as a system rather than individual concepts. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Because their intention was for the student to demonstrate a soft field landing, both pilots expected the stall warning horn they heard. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. A student who is airsick or bothered with incipient airsickness is incapable of learning at a normal rate. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. Safety permitting, it is frequently better to let students progress part of the way into the mistake and find a way out. It is not necessarily a function of physical robustness or mental acuity. A good time to establish the desire not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. But as this review As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand that the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. For example, if the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content. Keep the sterile cockpit "clean." be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. The FAA holds him or her accountable. Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. they lost their landing sequence, and the pilot's pride was hurt. area, the Captain in the following report called on the company radio frequency The instructor must exercise good judgment to decide how much control to use. It is important for the demonstration to conform to the explanation as closely as possible. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. visiting the cockpit or calling on the interphone were noted in almost one quarter the aircraft. This was our second highest source of deviation For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. Scenario-based training (SBT), a type of PBL, uses a highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. He did not use the fuel tables printed in the pilots operating handbook (POH) for the aircraft he was flying on this trip. In spite of the existence of the FAR 121.542 With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. Fortunately I've received some help this month. Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request They landed on the airplane's belly. When teaching more than one skill at the same time, the simple-to-complex strategy works well. The instructor observes as the student performs, and then makes appropriate comments, In this phase, the instructor traditionally evaluates student performance, records the students performance, and verbally advises the student of the progress made toward the objectives. that flight attendant calls or entry during this time be undertaken only for Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. The sterile cockpit rule is a good rule because the FAA enacted FAR 121.542 and FAR 135.100 to help curb the number of these related to flight safety, it's in violation with the sterile cockpit rule. This is dependent on current weather, such as excess winds including crosswinds, Provision is made on the airman certificate or rating application form for the written recommendation of the flight instructor who has prepared the applicant for the practical test involved. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. reasons of great urgency. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. or pointing out sights of interest and filling out company payroll and Since students generally imitate the instructors performance, the instructor must demonstrate the skill exactly the way the students are expected to practice it, including all safety procedures that the students must follow. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. The pilots failure to maintain an awareness of the circumstances regarding the flight now becomes the problem. On the one hand, we're taught a good flight instructor is supposed to be able to fly and talk simultaneously. At the time of the crash, If an instructor allows a student to remain on the controls, the instructor may not have full and effective control of the aircraft. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. as "movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of If you want the pool skills, get the pool drills! If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. As workload increases, attention cannot be devoted to several tasks at one time, and the pilot may begin to focus on one item. sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents environment. When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. surgery would think too kindly of the surgical team who failed to sterilize A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then is distinguished through insight and experience. This demonstration should in no instance be less than the complete procedure prescribed in the applicable PTS, When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding regarding who had actual control of the aircraft, particularly between students and flight instructors. PBL structures the lessons to confront students with problems that are encountered in real life and forces them to reach real-world solutions. FAR 121.542, often referred to as the "Sterile Cockpit Rule", reads: (a) No certificate holder shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of the aircraft. For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. Seccin instructora. If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations Postflight critiques should be in a written format, such as notes to aid the flight instructor in covering all areas that were noticed during the flight or lesson. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. boundary may be too low. Instructors should attempt to avoid unnecessary jargon and technical terms that their students do not know. Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. -- possibly even an accident. Certificated flight instructor (CFI) Daniel decides his student, Mary, has gained enough confidence in flying that it is time for her to develop personal weather minimums. A pilot in command (PIC) must know when to tell any passengers, even a DPE, when the PIC finds actions in the aircraft that distract and interfere with the safe conduct of the flight, Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments. On the other hand, if a student is progressing normally, the instructor should avoid unnecessary interruptions or too much assistance, A typical test of how much control is needed often occurs during a students first few attempts to land an aircraft. the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. It also provides methods flight instructors can teach students to use practical risk management tools and discusses how to evaluate student decision-making. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. In addition, it should be demonstrated in the same sequence in which it was explained so as to avoid confusion and provide reinforcement. Simultaneously begin releasing the back pressure so aileron, rudder, and elevator pressures are neutralized when the aircraft reaches the wings-level position, Leading the roll-out heading by one-half the bank angle is a good rule of thumb for initial training. The ability to ride on an air carrier's All rights reserved. Recovery from chronic fatigue requires a prolonged and deliberate solution. same way about their crew members. of the reports in our data set. attention is diverted from the task of flying, the chance of error increases. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. CFIs should keep in mind that being fit to fly depends on more than just a pilots physical condition and recency of experience. The instructor must be alert and ensure the students understand the objectives of each step of their training, and that they know at the completion of each lesson exactly how well they have progressed and what deficiencies are apparent. to find specific examples of problems related to non-compliance with the sterile Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform all of the fundamental maneuvers, Instructors should teach students how to solve ordinary problems encountered during flight. The FAA imposed the rule in 1981 after reviewing a series of accidents. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. reports, a safer operation can be achieved by simply abiding by the rule's guidelines. Stress is an inevitable and necessary part of life; it adds motivation and heightens an individuals response to meet any challenge, Everyone is stressed to some degree all the time. If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities

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