c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic-existential d. biological. a. existential Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. The final section is a The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. Figure 2.2. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. 51. With time, Anna O. did recover from her hysteria and went on to become a prominent member of the Jewish Community, involving herself in social work, volunteering at soup kitchens, and becoming House Mother at an orphanage for Jewish girls in 1895. Thats all right. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. 2.2.1.6. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. b. c. axons. c. intellectualization. Is this correct? If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. b. genetic mutations. 61. 2.3.1.3. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? b. existential 104. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. c. emphasize health. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? b. modeling. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. Second, the viewpoint that all human behavior is explainable in biological terms, and therefore when issues arise, they can be treated using biological methods, overlooks factors that are not fundamentally biological. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? I bet the bad behavior ended too. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes: A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. For more information on psychotropic medications, please visit: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/mental-health-medications/index.shtml. c. illogical thinking. b. good long-term prognoses. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. 2.3.3.3. d. Bandura. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. 2.3.3.2. b. learned behavior. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. a. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. It is difficult to research this perspective. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? 34. c. develop depression but recover more quickly. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. The structure of personality. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. You are doing your best. They are sexual in nature. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. 55. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). A general term used for Freuds and Jungs theories is: a. psychiatric. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her parent why she is angry. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. 92. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. a. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. c. deep brain stimulation. 149. Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. d. object relations. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. b. Freud. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? c. feminist therapy. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. a. multicultural b. biological c. humanistic d. cognitive-behavioral, 136. 161. d. disengagement. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. 49. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. All of the following are leading kinds of biological treatments used today EXCEPT: a. drug therapy. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. 48. PSYC 1101 Review for Chapter 12 - Subjecto.com 43. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. 154. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. Chapters 1,2,3,&4 Test Jeopardy Template Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? See Figure 2.1 below. 106. As time goes on, the client starts to ask the therapist's permission for everything, instead of just making the decisions on her own. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. This is an example of: Providing treatment as soon as it is needed so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term issues is called: Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. d. the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women. Figure 2.8. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. Track the accuracy of the thought. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. 2.3.1.1. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. d. secondary process thought. Of course, most people do not experience this but instead are made to feel that they can only be loved and respected if they meet certain standards, called conditions of worth. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? Abnormal behavior arises when we avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize our full potential. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. 50. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. b. repression. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. This is an example of: b. behavioral-focused Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. c. people are driven to self-actualize. 84. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. c. maintenance. 112. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. b. sociocultural The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? b. behavior-focused therapists. 120. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. d. cognitive. b. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neuron's ending? They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. 2.3.4.2. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. b. is not led by a professional clinician. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into . d. displacement. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. b. a distorted view of the self. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. d. fixation. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. 2. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). 40. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Simply: Figure 2.1. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. 94. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. d. past traumatic experiences. 44. 113. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. 46. 79. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. c. transference. What happens when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending? This might even affect how you interact with them. d. transference. 62. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs. 88. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. Figure 2.9. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Western society was in turmoil in the 1960s and 1970s, which led to the rise of humanistic and existential therapies. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. As opposed to the medical model, which emphasizes mental illness as . Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. Dont worry. Schemas and cognitive errors. c. Beck. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. 66. His name is According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. d. projection. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. d. Freud. b. family therapy. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? 87. 70. a. 41. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. d. quaternary prevention. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. b. ego. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. 13. The perspective is overly precise. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. d. conditions of worth. The goal is for the client to examine their own feelings and thoughts with openness and acceptance. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. Bertha (Anna O.) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. Electroconvulsive therapy. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. b. irrational thoughts contribute to ones feelings. b. cognitive-behavioral. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. c. superego. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. But before these diagnostic categories In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. b. self-actualizing. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. b. More on that over the next two sections. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. c. cognitive-behavioral This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? c. enmeshed. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. 2.3.4.1. C) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.
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which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?