bantu expansion genocide

The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. Was the Bantu expansion or migration a genocide? - Quora The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. READ: The Spread of Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Bantu Migration At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? Bantu Expansion | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Although early models posited that the early speakers were both iron-using and agricultural, definitive archaeological evidence that they used iron does not appear until as late as 400BC, though they were agricultural. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. We won't share your contact details with anyone. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. Press J to jump to the feed. The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide The migrants settled in three primary areas. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. The Problem of the Bantu Expansion | The Journal of African History Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. But he also displayed a dangerous pathology, perhaps born of his reduced birth, and the suffering that his mother endured on his behalf, but also, perhaps, because of hidden homosexuality. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. } 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. Ethnic Groups Of Rwanda - WorldAtlas Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. Same reason we don't call the Indo European migrations a genocide. Formed in 1075, Mapungubwe was a renowned trading city linking Africa, Asia, and Europe. Bantu Expansion - African Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. One of the many ways used by white supremacists and apologists to legitimize colonialism of the African continent & genocide of its people. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. Their settlement and development of the first powerful states in Africa is further proof of that dominance. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. Another stream of migration, having moved east by 3,000 years ago (1000BC), was creating a major new population center near the Great Lakes of East Africa, where a rich environment supported a dense population. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. Africa's World War: The Congo War - History Guild As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. . The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. cit. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. "useRatesEcommerce": false This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. It never happened. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. Millions? Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. No, it's not. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. The problem lay in a historical predominance of Muslims within the Indian political process. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. The story begins with a popular African tale. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. cit. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. fall into the classification of genocide. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). Quick History Lesson: The severity of the Bantu Expansion () - Thread The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. His Impis, or regiments, were relentless and unstoppable. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. and There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. Keywords: Bantu migration, Great Lakes Africa, Bantu . Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. By that logic, you have to say that the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain (Which took place in 6th century CE, about 2 centuries after the Bantu made it to what is now South Africa) was a genocide as most of the Y-DNA of the English is Anglo-Saxon not Celtic or pre-Celtic. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Archaeologists have found physical evidence of the migration in pottery, iron-smelting technology, and subsistence farming techniques that originated in the Bantu West African region, creating a timeline of movement across the continent. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Again, you do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Any proof of their numbers? Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Typical grifter contradictions. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. . For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. cit. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. But the Bantu farmers didn't swiftly drive hunter-gatherers to oblivion. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history .

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