factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria

In practice, Lugard used the annual sessions to inform the traditional rulers of British policy, leaving them with no functions at the council's meetings except to listen and to assent. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. The trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese Empire. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. Europeans come from Europe. Lord Lugard recorded a huge success mainly because he used the highly developed traditional system of administration that was already in existence in the Northern Nigeria. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. European Conquest and Colonization of Africa - 1504 Words | Critical Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire . The council was headed by a Governor. African Resistance to European Imperialism: Conflicts & Impact History of Nigeria - Wikipedia Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. How did use of enslaved African people for labour develop? The classic example in English history was the victory of the Parliament over the king. There were numerous differences of detail among the regional systems, but all adhered to parliamentary forms and were equally autonomous in relation to the Nigerian federal government at Lagos. [11] [12] Independent Christian churches had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Colonial System of Administration In Nigeria: Definition, Historical factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria Read published a Memorandum on British possessions in West Africa, which remarked upon the "inconvenient and unscientific boundaries" between Lagos Colony, the Niger Coast Protectorate and the Royal Niger Company. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. French in West Africa - University of Pennsylvania prince edward island newspapers online; how to clean a wavy turban shell; flip or flop nashville house locations; sunrise growers diced strawberry cup nutrition facts; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. sutton united average attendance; granville woods most famous invention; alcoa utilities power outage; Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. It was supported not only by the income from huge agricultural surpluses but also by a new range of direct and indirect taxes imposed during the 1950s. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. Britain and Nigeria'S Independence in 1960 2. In a sense, you can say that the British were the cause of the Biafran Civil War which happened in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria [9] Administration and military control of the territory was conducted primarily by white Britons, both in London and in Nigeria. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. Gradually, however, the trade forced major economic and social changes in the interior, although it hardly undermined slavery and the slave trade. [51], Guidelines for running the Nigerian colony were established in 1898 by the Niger Committee, chaired by the Earl of Selborne, in 1898. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria During his six-year tenure as High Commissioner, Sir Frederick Lugard (as he became in 1901) was occupied with transforming the commercial sphere of influence inherited from the Royal Niger Company into a viable territorial unit under effective British political control. BRITISH CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA - ResearchGate E-mail: tundeoduwobi@yahoo.com Recibido: 15 Marzo 2011 / Revisado: 7 Abril 2011 / Aceptado: 17 Abril . Consequently, in 1849, John Beecroft was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from Dahomey to Cameroon. The Colonial and Pre-Colonial Eras in Nigeria | AHA - Historians He aroused political awareness through his newspaper, the Lagos Daily News. By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including H.O. [11][12], In 1900, the British Government assumed control of the Southern and Northern Protectorates, both of which were ultimately governed by the Colonial Office at Whitehall. [61], The task of unification was achieved on the eve of World War I. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. In addition, two other protectorates were declared, one over the Oil Rivers and the other over the hinterland of Lagos, to establish a claim that these areas were also British spheres of interest.. Doctrine of Lapse. Lugard's campaign systematically subdued local resistance, using armed force when diplomatic measures failed. 1821 - Sierra Leone, Gambia and the Gold Coast form British West Africa. Egypt) and titles (e.g. One of the factors that contributed to the success of indirect rule in Northern Nigeria was the use of the existing traditional system of administration. ", Simon Heap, "'We think prohibition is a farce': drinking in the alcohol-prohibited zone of colonial northern Nigeria. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Europeans had raced to colonize the country Africa. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. To start with, European nations were motivated by economic factors arising from the industrial revolution which started in Britain and extended to other European countries such as Belgium, France and Germany (Hochschild, 158).They wanted cheaper mineral resources for their home industries claiming that resources were abundant in Africa for In elections that year, the NYM ended the domination of the NNDP in the Legislative Council and worked to establish a national network of affiliates. European Colonialism in Africa. In large measure, European missionaries assumed the value of colonial rule in terms of promoting education, health and welfare measures, thereby effectively reinforcing colonial policy. with the Norman Conquest led by William, the Duke of Normandy. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade in the hinterland, including palm products to the coast and the sale of slaves within Igboland. During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the Action Group. For political the British were fixed on expanding their empire and gaining control of every major city, state, or country in the world so they could govern every man or woman as they Show More Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition. The Governor-General, in turn, was responsible for appointing the prime minister and for choosing a candidate from among contending leaders when there was no parliamentary majority. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. The influence of Christianity and the establishment of schools made the nationalists realize that after all God created everyman equal . tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . This article examines the deployment of West African soldiers for military service in West Africa, including the manner of mobilization and recruitment. England would forever be changed politically, economically, and socially as a result. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. Ouidah (now part of Benin) and Lagos were the major ports on the coast. Aside from the possibility of treasure, the European governments aimed to find a passage through the Americas to Asia. Other European powers acknowledged Britain's dominance over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government [and] agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any portion they may require. Some of them began to migrate back from Sierra Leone in search of home and trade. by | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother | Jun 15, 2022 | north node conjunct neptune synastry | greek mythology son falls in love with mother God, Gold, and Glory. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. African Nationalism | South African History Online Uneasy with the amount of latitude allowed traditional rulers under indirect rule, Clifford opposed further extension of the judicial authority held by the northern emirs. Colonialism is both a practice and a word that means so much to Nigeria. 4. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. However, the British East India Company was able to lay the foundation of an empire in the Indian sub-continent because, from a British perspective, of a fortuitous series of circumstances. The policy of indirect rule used in Northern Nigeria became a model for British colonies elsewhere in Africa. Portuguese Roman Catholic priests who accompanied traders and officials to the West African coast introduced Christianity to the Edo Empire in the fifteenth century. A spokeswoman for Austria's Weltmuseum Wien acknowledges 13 of its 173 Benin Bronzes "have been linked definitively to the British invasion" though eight were acquired in the 16th century . Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. Exploration was intensified in 1946, but the first commercial discovery did not occur until 1956, at Olobiri in the Niger Delta. Broadening political participation and expanding educational opportunities and other social services also were viewed as threats to the status quo. Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". Lagos was the first part of Nigeria to be conquered and declare a British colony in 1861. Siollun concludes with what he calls "the mistake of 1914": his view that the British resolution to join their northern and southern protectorates into one poorly integrated colony constitutes the single most consequential decision of colonial rule in Nigeria. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. While each generated considerable political controversy, they moved the country toward greater internal autonomy, with an increasing role for the political parties. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. Timeline of the British Empire - Historic UK Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. [8] British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. He said that he did "not consider that their past traditions and their present backward cultural conditions afford to any such experiment a reasonable chance of success". During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. Summarizing Indirect Rule in Nigeria | West-African Colonial Administration A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. His political platform called for economic and educational development, Africanization of the civil service, and self-government for Lagos. Missionaries were active: Presbyterians in Calabar and the Church Missionary Society (CMS), Methodists, and Baptists in Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo, and Ogbomoso. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). Hon. In contrast, the British pursued comparatively limited settlement and institutional transformation in the more populous and more politically and economically developed preco-lonial areas. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-factors-that-led-to-the-colonization-of-africa-by-the-europeans-PLa41Sz5 Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. One place that felt victim to this imperialism was Africa. The decrease in trade indirectly led to the collapse of states like the Edo Empire. british empire - What were the main causes of successful take over of The Action Group was thus the heir of a generation of flourishing cultural consciousness among the Yoruba and also had valuable connections with commercial interests that were representative of the comparative economic advancement of the Western Region. The Nigeria Regiment of the RWAFF, integrating troops from the north and south, saw action against German colonial forces in Cameroon and in German East Africa. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. At the same time, George Dashwood Goldie, a British businessman, bought out all French rivals and created the Royal Niger Company (chartered 1886) in order to control trade on the Niger and administer the immense territories of the Sokoto caliphate and Borno. In the north many emirates did not take military action, but the deposed caliph, Atahiru I, rebelled in 1903. Unification meant only the loose affiliation of three distinct regional administrations into which Nigeria was subdividedNorthern, Western and Eastern regions. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. The British Conquest State (Chapter 3) - A History of Zimbabwe From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere. The British were not yet willing to assume the expense of maintaining an administration in Nigeria. [8], Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed Crown Colony government on much of the area of West Africa which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both autocratic and bureaucratic. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultan's capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. Nigeria - Nigeria as a colony | Britannica British Colonize Nigeria Essay - 979 Words | Bartleby Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. [] They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the Company and the indigenous people. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. The preparation of a new federal constitution for an independent Nigeria was carried out at conferences held at Lancaster House in London in 1957 and 1958, which were presided over by The Rt. In November 1908, Bergheim reported striking oil; in September 1909, he reported extracting 2,000 barrels per day. Why was Britain able to establish an Empire in India From Conquest to Independence: the Nigerian Colonial Experience In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. Kingdoms and empires of precolonial Nigeria, Controversies surrounding the 2007 presidential election, Nigeria under Umaru Musa YarAdua and Goodluck Jonathan, The 2015 elections and electorate concerns, Recession, fight against corruption, and insecurity, Which Country Is Larger By Population? [19], The company considered itself the sole legitimate government of the area, with executive, legislative and judicial powers all subordinate to the rule of a council created by the company board of directors in London.

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