rajatarangini was translated into persian by

His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. Sanskrit There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. Feature Flags: { The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. You can try more lenient search to get some results. Match words . But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. The. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Answer. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. rajatarangini of kalhana vol iv - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini of kalhana vol ii - dr. raghunath singh_part3, rajatarangini - shri ramtej shastri pandey_part3. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Nephew of Didda. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. Son of Partha. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. He erected a monument at. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Was this answer helpful? The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Verse 7. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. [6], (Note the confusion of dates in this and the following sections. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. "useRatesEcommerce": false Concerning past occasions, Kalhana wrote that the material was genuinely picky. According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. 23 February 2011. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. In this backdrop, the Malayalam translation called [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Answer. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. [citation needed]. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. Corrections? Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. After that, the English translation. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. His family ruled for many generations. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning, Abdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara, Rebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by, Second son of Kalasha. . [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Her son was Chippatajayapida. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Verse 11. Translation of " " into Persian . In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Historian A. Q. Rafiqi states that some Persian chronicles of Kashmir describe Shah Mir as a descendant of the rulers of Swat. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Abstract. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. This quarterly has been published regularly since It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). 2011 Duke University Press Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. This page was last modified on 1 January 2016, at 03:52. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. After his death, the queen committed. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the An unpopular king, he was killed. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. Has data issue: true in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. It does not store any personal data. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. 0 0 Similar questions He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. . [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. 1 orders. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Turn on. Verse 11. Rajatarangini/Original languages 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. The Journal of Asian Studies Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. No examples found, consider adding one please. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Answer. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. for this article. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Gave lands to Brahmins. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. Kalhana was a poet. Report Error the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the.

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