This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], The chief architect of this theory is Riker. ff>qsfN? Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. /F5 18 0 R REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. 3 0 obj Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. Each state has the same level of self-governance. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. 4 Topics . It is our pleasure. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. stream More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. ! +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. However, that is not so in a federal government system. Also, there was a demand for more local regions by all these ethnic interest groups which was what led to the creation of new states. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. The Evolution, Development and Practice of Federalism in Nigeria Charas Madu Tella, Ahmed Wali Doho, Aliyu Bapeto Abstract Federalism is a political philosophy in which members of a group are. /BitsPerComponent 8 Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. . The constitution must be rigid to avoid frequent and unnecessary changes. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. >> The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . %PDF-1.5 is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. 3. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. /F2 9 0 R Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. 1. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. (Tanzi, 1996). Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. In 1963 Midwestern region was created and Nigeria became a nation of four regions. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. /Length 3884 In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. Moreover, Asst. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. Again, in 1967 twelve states were created to appease the interest of those clamoring for states and weaken the geo-political holds of Biafra. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. 7. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. /Height 235 Nigeria. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. All rights reserved. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. Best information base for latest information both national and international. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. History of federal system of government in nigeria. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. What is federalism? Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T.
reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf